hard
adj
adv
hɑːd adj
1
FIRM TO TOUCH
坚硬的
firm, stiff, and difficult to press down, break, or cut 硬的，坚固的;
a hard wooden chair
一把硬木椅
the hardest substance known to man
已知的最硬物质
After months without rain, the ground was too hard to plough.
几个月没下雨了，土地太硬，很难犁。
2
DIFFICULT
困难的
difficult to do or understand 难做的; 难懂的; 困难的，不易的;
This year’s exam was much harder than last year’s.
今年的考试比去年的难得多。
You’ll have to make some hard decisions.
你们必须作出困难的决定。
They’re a hard team to beat.
他们可是一支很难打败的球队。
it is hard to believe/imagine/see/know etc
It was hard to see what else we could have done.
很难想出我们原本还可以做些什么。
It’s hard to believe that anyone would say something like that.
很难相信有人会说出那样的话。
find it hard to do sth
I was finding it hard to concentrate.
我发现想要集中精神很难。
Permanent jobs are hard to come by (=difficult to find or get) .
很难找到一份固定的工作。
be hard for sb
It must be hard for her, bringing up three kids on her own.
她一个人养育三个孩子一定很不容易。
Telling my parents is going to be the hardest thing about it.
最难办的将是如何告诉我的父母。
have a hard time doing sth (be difficult for someone to do something) 做某事很难
You’ll have a hard time proving that.
你要证明那一点很难。
I had a hard time persuading him to accept the offer.
我费了很多功夫说服他接受那提议。
Such criticism was hard to take (=difficult to accept) .
很难接受这样的批评。
3
WORK/EFFORT
工作/努力
using or involving a lot of mental or physical effort 费力的，费劲的 usually before noun 一般用于名词前
To be successful in sport requires hard work and a great deal of determination.
要在体育界有所成就需要艰辛的努力和百折不挠的决心。
After a hard day at work, I just want to come home and put my feet up.
一天辛苦工作之后，我只想回家休息。
a hard day’s work/walking/skiing etc
There’s a sauna where you can relax after a hard day’s skiing.
经过一天辛苦的滑雪后，你可以洗个桑拿放松一下。
Becoming a doctor never interested him. It was too much like hard work (=it would involve too much work) .
对于成为一名医生他从不感兴趣，那要付出太多的艰辛。
4
FULL OF PROBLEMS
满是问题的
a situation or time that is hard is one in which you have a lot of problems, especially when you do not have enough money 〔尤指缺钱时，日子〕艰难的，困苦的，拮据的
She’s had a hard life .
她一生艰辛。
Times were hard and they were forced to sell their house.
那时的日子很艰难，他们被迫卖掉了房子。
He had clearly fallen on hard times (=did not have much money) .
他的日子显然过得很拮据。
5
be hard on sb
a. to criticize someone in a way that is unfair, or to be too strict with them b. to have a bad effect on someone 对某人有害
Perhaps I’m too hard on her.
可能我对她太严厉了。
Divorce can be very hard on children.
离婚可能让孩子们受苦。
6
be hard on sth
to have a bad effect on something 对某物有害
Standing all day is very hard on the feet.
整天站着脚很受罪。
7
do sth the hard way
to learn, achieve, or do something after a bad experience or by making mistakes 吃过苦后做成某事
He learned the hard way about the harsh reality of the boxing world.
他碰过壁才了解了拳击界的严酷现实。
Make sure you put the baby’s diaper on before you start feeding her. I learned this lesson the hard way .
给宝宝喂奶之前一定要给她垫上尿布，我也是吃过苦头以后才记住的。
He earned his promotion the hard way.
他是好不容易才得到升职的。
8
USING FORCE
用力气
using a lot of force 用力的
Jane gave the door a good hard push.
简使劲地推门。
She gave him a hard slap.
她狠狠地给了他一记耳光。
9
hard evidence/facts/information etc
facts that are definitely true and can be proved 确切 （确凿 ）的证据/事实/情报等
There is no hard evidence to support this theory.
没有切实的证据支持这一理论。
10
UNKIND
无情的
showing no sympathetic or gentle feelings 冷酷的，无情的
a hard face
无情的脸
Her voice was hard and cold.
她的声音很冷酷。
You’re a hard man, John.
约翰，你是个无情的人。
11
hard going
11. a. difficult to do and needing a lot of effort b. boring, or difficult to deal with, talk to etc 乏味的; 难打交道的
A strong wind made the race very hard going.
因有大风，参赛运动员都跑得很吃力。
I find some of his friends pretty hard going.
我觉得他的有些朋友相当乏味。
12
make hard work of sth
12. to make something you are doing seem more difficult than it really is 使某事看起来更难
Juventus were making hard work of what should have been an easy game.
尤文图斯队在本该轻易取胜的比赛中陷入苦战。
13
be hard at it/work
13. to be very busy doing something [非正式] 忙于干某事 informal
Sarah was hard at it on her computer.
萨拉在计算机上忙着。
14
WATER
水
hard water contains a lot of minerals, and does not mix easily with soap 〔水〕硬的;
15
hard luck hard cheese
15. a. used to tell someone that you feel sorry for them because they have not succeeded in what they were trying to do b. when bad things happen to you that are not your fault c. used to say that you do not care if someone is having problems, does not like something etc 真不幸，真倒霉〔反话〕 BrE spoken spoken also 又作 hard cheeseBrE
‘I failed my driving test.’ ‘Oh, hard luck!’
“我没通过驾照考试。”“唉，你真倒霉！”
You’ve had your share of hard luck.
你也有时运不济的日子，这是在所难免的。
[+ on ]
It was hard luck on you.
你真不幸。
If you don’t like the idea then hard luck!
如果你不喜欢这个主意那抱歉啦！
16
give sb a hard time
16. a. to treat someone badly or cause problems for them b. to criticize someone a lot 严厉批评某人 informal
Giving you a hard time, is she?
她让你难堪了，是吗？
They reached the border where officials gave them a hard time.
他们到了边境，在那里受到边防官的刁难。
Hostile critics have given Hartman a hard time.
充满敌意的评论家严厉地批评了哈特曼。
17
have a hard time
17. to have a lot of problems or bad experiences 日子过得不容易
I’m glad she’s happy at last – she’s had such a hard time.
我很高兴她终于得到幸福了，她曾饱受苦难。
Vegetarians still often have a hard time of it when it comes to eating out.
外出就餐时，素食者的日子往往还是不好过。
18
drive/strike a hard bargain
18. to demand a lot or refuse to give too much when you are making an agreement 〔交涉时〕要求苛刻，寸步难让
The company is believed to have struck a hard bargain.
人们相信该公司在谈判过程中狠狠地迫对方就范了。
19
hard feelings no hard feelings
19. a. anger between people because of something that has happened b. used to tell someone that you do not want to be angry with them or for them to be angry with you [口] 我不生气; 别生我的气 spoken
We’d known each other too long for hard feelings.
我们相识很久，彼此之间不会心生嫌隙。
I have no hard feelings towards Steve.
我没有生史蒂夫的气。
I’m sorry it didn’t work out, but no hard feelings, eh?
很抱歉那个不行，不生气吧？
20
take a (long) hard look at sth/sb
20. to think carefully about something, especially with the result that you change your opinions or behaviour 小心考虑某事/某人
You should take a long hard look at the issues before committing yourself.
你在表态之前要看清楚这些问题。
21
hard line
21. a strict way of dealing with someone or something 强硬手段 （态度 ）
The president should abandon his hard line in the region.
总统应该停止在该地区采取的强硬措施。
take/adopt a hard line (on sth)
The school takes a very hard line on drugs.
该学校对于毒品持非常强硬的态度。
22
hard news
22. news stories that are about serious subjects or events 硬新闻，严肃新闻
TV news programs seem to be more interested in gossip than in hard news.
电视新闻节目似乎对小道消息比对严肃新闻更感兴趣。
23
NOT FRIGHTENED
不害怕的
strong, ready to fight, and not afraid of anyone or anything [英，口] 坚强的，勇敢的 BrE spoken
He thinks he’s really hard.
他认为自己很厉害。
Jones was known as soccer’s hard man .
琼斯被称作足球场上的硬汉。
24
(as) hard as nails
24. someone who is hard as nails seems to have no feelings such as fear or sympathy 无所畏惧的; 冷酷无情的
25
a hard taskmaster/master
25. someone who makes people work too hard 要求过分严格的上司; 逼迫别人过分拼命工作的人
26
a hard winter/frost
26. a very cold winter or FROST 严冬/严霜;
27
the hard left/right
27. people who have extreme LEFT-WING or RIGHT-WING political aims and ideas 极左派/极右派;
concerns about the re-emergence of the hard right in some areas
对某些地区极右势力复苏的担心
28
LIGHT
光
hard light is bright and unpleasant [尤文] 太亮的，刺目的; especially literary
the hard brilliance of the moonlight
刺眼的月光
29
ALCOHOL
酒
very strong [非正式] 烈性的 only before noun 仅用于名词前 | informal
hard liquor
烈酒
I never touch the hard stuff (=strong alcohol) .
我从来不喝烈酒。
30
a hard left/right
30. a big turn to the left or right, for example when you are driving 向左/向右急转;
31
PRONUNCIATION
发音
a hard ‘c’ is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/ ; a hard ‘g’ is pronounced /g/ rather than /dZ/ 发硬音的〔字母 c 发 /k/ 音而不发 /s/ 音; 字母 g 发 /g/ 音而不发 /dZ/ 音〕;
a material that would combine the flexibility of rubber with the hardness of glass
既有橡胶的弹性又有玻璃的硬度的一种材料
32 hard and not bending 硬而不易弯曲的
solid
33 meat that is too hard 〔肉〕太硬的
tough
34 skin that is old and hard 〔皮〕老而硬的
leathery
35 hard and easily broken 硬而易碎的
brittle
adv
36
USING ENERGY/EFFORT
用劲/努力
using a lot of effort, energy, or attention 费劲地; 费力地
She has worked hard all her life.
她一生辛勤工作。
He had thought long and hard before getting involved with the project.
参与这个计划之前他曾思之再三。
She tried her hardest to ignore what he’d said.
她竭力不去理会他说的话。
Ella was concentrating very hard.
埃拉全神贯注。
I couldn’t convince him no matter how hard I tried.
不管我怎么努力，都说服不了他。
37
WITH FORCE
用力
with a lot of force 用力地; 重重地
You need to hit the ball hard.
你要用力击球。
He slammed the door hard behind him.
他砰地关上了门。
It was raining very hard.
雨下得很大。
38
BECOME SOLID
变硬
becoming solid, stiff, or firm 变硬
By now the cement had set hard.
水泥现在变硬了。
39
be hard hit/be hit hard
to be badly affected by something that has happened 受到严重影响，受到沉重打击
Sales were hard hit by high interest rates.
销售因高利率而受到严重影响。
40
be hard put/pressed/pushed to do sth
to have difficulty doing something [非正式] 难以做到某事，做某事有困难 informal
You’d be hard pressed to find anyone better for the job.
找一个更好的人来做这一工作很难。
41
be/feel hard done by
to be or feel unfairly treated [非正式] （觉得）受到不公平对待 informal
As a child I felt hard done by, living so far away from my friends.
我小时候觉得很不公平，住得离朋友们那么远。
42
take sth hard
to be very upset about something, especially bad news 对某事〔尤指坏消息〕感到悲伤 （难过 ）
Alan took his mother’s death particularly hard.
母亲的去世让艾伦特别难受。
43
hard upon/on sth
soon after something [英，正式] 紧接着某事 BrE formal
His second major contract followed hard upon the first.
紧接着第一个大合同，他又签下了第二个。
44
laugh/cry hard
to laugh, cry etc a lot 笑/哭得很厉害