by
prep
adv
baɪ prep
1
WHO/WHAT DOES STH
由谁/什么做某事
used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen 被，由〔尤与被动语态动词连用〕
I was attacked by a dog.
我被一条狗袭击。
a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
著名建筑师克里斯托弗．雷恩设计的一座教堂
We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.
我们都对暴力罪案的增加感到忧虑。
interference by the state in the affairs of the Church
国家对教会事务的干预
his appointment by the BBC as a producer
英国广播公司委任他出任制片人的任命
2
MEANS/METHOD
方式/方法
used to say what means or method someone uses to do something 通过，以
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
Send it by airmail.
把它以空邮寄出。
Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.
有些客户喜欢用支票支付。
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
They travelled to Chicago by train.
他们乘火车去芝加哥。
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
All supplies are transported by air.
补给品全部空运。
by doing sth
She earns her living by selling insurance.
她以推销保险为生。
He was taken from his home by force.
他被人从家里强行带走。
3
ROAD/DOOR
道路/门
used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place 经由〔哪条路、入口、门等〕
They came in by the back door.
他们从后门进来。
It’s quicker to go by the country route.
走乡村小路更快。
4
TAKING HOLD
抓住
used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of 抓着〔物体或身体的某个部位〕
He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.
他搀着伊莱恩的胳膊，领她过马路。
She grabbed the hammer by the handle.
她抓着锤子的柄。
5
WRITER/COMPOSER ETC
作家/作曲家等
used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc 由…所作
the ‘New World Symphony’ by Dvorak
德沃夏克所作的《新世界交响曲》
a short story by Charles Dickens
查尔斯．狄更斯写的一个短篇小说
Who’s it by?
这是谁的作品？
6
BESIDE
在旁边
beside or near something 靠近，在…旁边
She stood by the window.
她站在窗边。
Jane went and sat by Patrick.
简走过去坐在帕特里克身旁。
7
PAST
经过
past someone or something without stopping 经过
He walked right by me without even saying hello.
他从我身边走过，连招呼都不打。
I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.
我每天上班都要经过这个农场。
8
BEFORE
在…之前
before or not later than a particular time 在…之前，不迟于
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
文件在下星期五之前必须准备好。
I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.
我估计电影九点半应该放完了。
By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.
那一天下来我们卖出了两千多张票。
By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.
回到家的时候，我们已经又累又饿了。
9
ACCORDING TO
根据
according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things 按照，依据
You’ve got to play by the rules.
你必须按规则比赛。
Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.
利润有六百万英镑，但按照我们的标准，这还不算多。
10
CHANGE/DIFFERENCE
变化/差异
used to say how great a change or difference is 〔用于表示变化或差异的程度〕
The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
每桶油价又下跌了两美元。
I was overcharged by £3.
我被多收了三英镑。
Godard’s first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree) .
戈达德的第一部电影要好得多。
11
MEASUREMENTS
尺寸
used to give the measurements of a room, container etc 乘〔用于表示房间、容器等的大小〕
a room 15 metres by 23 metres
一间 15 米宽 23 米长的房间
12
QUANTITY
数量
used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something 按，以〔用于表示量度单位〕
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
鸡蛋按打出售。
We’re paid by the hour.
我们按小时计酬。
She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.
她真想一把扯下他的头发。
13
GRADUAL CHANGE
逐渐的变化
used to say that something happens gradually 〔用于表示某事渐渐发生〕
Day by day he grew weaker.
他一天比一天虚弱。
Little by little I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.
渐渐地，我对加菲尔德的真实情况开始有了了解。
One by one, the men stepped forward.
那些人一个一个走上前来。
14
QUICK CHANGE
很快的变化
used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc 〔用于表示某事物或某人很快地变坏、变好等〕
The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.
金融危机正在迅速加剧。
15
LIGHT
光线
used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light 借着〔某种光线〕
We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.
我们借着月光穿过御花园。
16
by day/night
16. during the day or the night 在日间/在夜间
a tour of Paris by night
夜游巴黎
17
JOB/NATURE ETC
工作/性质等
used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc 〔用于说明某人的性格、工作、出身等〕
George I and George II were Germans by birth.
乔治一世和乔治二世是德国血统。
Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.
辛普金天性谨慎，不愿意出面干预。
Robert Key was a teacher by profession.
罗伯特．基的职业是教师。
18
VISITING
拜访
in order to visit a person or place for a short time 在…停留
On the way, I stopped by the post office.
路上我顺便去了一下邮局。
19
(all) by yourself
19. a. completely alone b. without help from anyone 独力地，一个人地
Dave spent Christmas all by himself.
戴夫一个人过圣诞节。
You can’t move the furniture all by yourself.
你一个人是搬不动家具的。
20
MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING
乘/除
used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing 乘以; 除以
What’s 48 divided by 4?
48 除以 4 等于多少？
21
EMPHASIS
强调
used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises 对…发誓〔表示强烈的情感或庄严的承诺〕
By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!
我对上帝发誓，我要是看见那小子，非杀了他不可！
22
FATHER
父亲
if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father 与〔某男子〕所生
She’s got two children by her previous husband.
她和前夫生有两个孩子。
23
by the by
23. used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important [口] 顺便说一下 spoken
By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.
顺便告诉你，伊恩说他也许今天晚上会过来。
24
by
is used especially in passives, to say who or what does or causes something. by 尤用于被动态，表示是谁、是何物做了或造成某事
She was hit by a truck.
她被一辆卡车撞了。
a book written by Peter Carey
彼得．凯里写的一本书
25
with in
Use or after verbs which describe a state rather than an action. 描写状态而不是动作的动词后面用 with或 in
The room was lit with candles.
房间里点着蜡烛。
Her house is always filled with music.
她的房子里总有音乐。
The books were covered in dust.
那些书上布满了灰尘。
26
with
Use to say what tool you use to do something. 使用什么工具用 with
I got the stain out with this brush (NOT 不说 by this brush) .
我用这把刷子把污渍刷掉。
adv
27 past someone or something 〔由旁边〕经过
As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by.
我站在月台上，开往利物浦的火车飞驰而过。
James walked by without even looking in my direction.
詹姆斯走了过去，甚至没有朝我这边看。
28 used to say that time passes 〔时间〕过去
As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war.
夏天悄悄过去，战争很快就被人遗忘了。
Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn.
我已经有十年没有见到玛丽莲了。
29 beside or near someone or something 在附近
A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement.
一群人站在旁边等待消息公布。
30 in order to visit a person or place for a short time 短暂访问
Why don’t you stop by for a drink after work?
下班后过来喝一杯吧。
31
by and large
used when making a general statement 大体上，一般地说，总的说来
By and large, the new arrangements have worked well.
总的来说，新的安排很好。
32
by and by
soon [旧] 不久，很快 old use
She will be better by and by.
她很快就会好起来的。