to
prep
adv
tə,beforevowels元音前读作tu
1 a. used after a verb, noun, or adjective when an INFINITIVE completes its meaning b. used by itself instead of an INFINITIVE in order to avoid repeating the same verb 〔单独使用，以避免重复与不定式相同的动词〕
We tried to explain.
我们试图解释。
It was starting to rain.
开始下雨了。
The manager asked them to leave.
经理要求他们离开。
an attempt to escape
逃跑的企图
Have you got permission to stay here?
你得到允许呆在这儿吗？
Our team’s certain to win.
我们队肯定会赢。
Are you ready to start?
你准备好开始了吗？
This delicious dessert is easy to make (=you can make it easily) .
这道美味的甜点很容易做。
You can drive today if you want to (=if you want to drive) .
你今天要是想开车，就开吧。
I could have helped, but nobody asked me to.
我本可以帮忙，但没人叫我。
2 used after a word such as ‘how’, ‘where’, ‘who’, ‘what’, or ‘whether’ to refer to an action about which someone is not certain 〔用于 how，where，who，what 或 whether 之后，表示某人不确定的某个行为〕
I know where to go but I don’t know how to get there.
我知道去什么地方，但我不知道怎样去。
She wondered whether or not to trust him.
她不知道该不该信任他。
3 used to show a purpose or intention 〔表示目的或意图〕
They left early to catch the 7.30 train.
他们早早就动身去赶 7 点 30 分的火车。
To find out more about university courses, write to this address.
想要了解更多大学课程的信息，按这个地址来函。
We need more money to improve transport in London.
我们需要更多的钱来改善伦敦的交通状况。
4 used to refer to an action or state, when describing it 〔用于描述某种行为或状态〕
It’s nice to be wanted.
被人需要感觉很好。
He’s finding it hard to cope.
他发现这件事很难应付。
To say I am disappointed is an understatement.
说我失望是轻描淡写。
The simplest solution would be to increase the price.
最简单的解决办法就是提高价格。
5 used to say what can or cannot be done, or what should be done 〔用于表示能不能做什么或应该做什么〕
You’ll soon be old enough to vote in elections.
你很快就到可以投票的年龄了。
He did not have the energy to resist.
他无力抵抗。
I’m too tired to go out tonight.
我今晚太累，不能出去了。
6 used after the verb ‘be’ to give an order or to state arrangements for the future 〔用于动词 be 后，表示下指令或说明未来的安排〕
You are to wait here until I return.
你要在这儿等到我回来。
They are to be married on May 25th.
他们将于 5 月 25 日结婚。
7 used to say what someone discovers or experiences when they do something 〔指某人做某事时的发现或经历〕
He arrived there to find that the last train had already left.
他赶到那里，发现最后一班火车已经开走了。
The princess stepped ashore to be greeted by an enthusiastic crowd of admirers.
王妃踏上岸，受到一群崇拜者的热烈欢迎。
She woke to see Ben standing by the window.
她醒来时看到本站在窗边。
8 used to say what your attitude or purpose is in saying something 〔说明你说话的态度或目的〕
I’ve never heard of him, to be quite honest.
老实说，我从未听说过他。
To begin with, let’s look at Chapter 3.
首先，让我们来看第三章。
prep
9 used to say where someone or something goes 向，朝，到，往
She stood up and walked to the window.
她站起来走到窗前。
the road to London
通往伦敦的路
our weekly trip to the supermarket
我们每周一次的超级市场之行
sending a spaceship to Mars
向火星发射太空船
These people go from house to house selling goods (=visit many different houses) .
这些人挨家挨户兜售货物。
10 used to say who receives something or is told or shown something 向; 给; 对
He sent presents to the children.
他给孩子们寄了礼物。
She whispered something to the girl beside her.
她悄悄跟旁边的女孩说了些什么。
Give my best wishes to your parents when you see them.
见到你的父母，替我向他们问好。
Don’t show these letters to anyone else.
不要给其他任何人看这些信。
a message from the Emperor to his people
皇帝向臣民下的谕旨
11 used to show in which direction something is in relation to something else 在…方，位于…方向
Knutsford is about 16 miles to the south of Manchester
纳茨福德位于曼彻斯特以南约 16 英里。
There was a table to the left of the doorway.
门口左边有一张桌子。
12 used to show the purpose, event, or activity for which you go somewhere 去做，去参加
Sophie goes to gymnastics every Friday.
索菲每个星期五都去做体操。
Did you get an invitation to their wedding?
你接到参加他们婚礼的邀请了吗？
Don’t forget, we’re going to a party tomorrow night.
别忘了，我们明晚要去参加派对。
If he needed help, Mother came rushing to the rescue.
如果他需要帮助，母亲就会赶紧来帮忙。
13 used to say what state someone or something is in as a result of an action or change 到〔某种状态〕
She sang the baby to sleep.
她唱歌哄宝宝睡觉。
Wait until the lights change to green.
等到灯变绿。
a return to a traditional way of life
对传统生活方式的回归
14 used to say that one thing is touching another 〔相互之间〕贴着，紧挨着
He held a knife to her throat.
他拿着一把刀抵在她的喉咙上。
They danced cheek to cheek.
他们脸贴着脸跳舞。
15 used to say where something is fastened or connected 连接在
He tied the rope to a tree.
他把绳子系到一棵树上。
Attach a recent photograph to your application form.
在申请表上附一张近照。
Cash machines are linked up to a central computer.
自动提款机和一台中央计算机连接。
16 facing something or in front of it 对着，面对着
I sat with my back to the window.
我背对窗户坐着。
We were standing face to face.
我们面对面站着。
17 used to show a relationship with someone or something 〔表明和某人或某物的关系〕
George’s sister was married to an Italian.
乔治的姐姐嫁给了一个意大利人。
He was first cousin to King Philip VI.
他是国王菲利普六世的同辈表亲。
The robbery may be linked to other crimes of violence.
这次抢劫有可能和其他暴力犯罪有关联。
18 10. a. as far as a particular point or limit b. until and including a particular time or date 直到，到…为止〔并包括在内〕
She can already count from one to twenty.
她已经能从一数到二十了。
The water came right up to our knees.
水一直涨到了我们的膝部。
Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
温度降到了零下二十五度。
It’s ten kilometres from here to the coast.
从这儿到海边有十公里。
She read the novel from beginning to end.
她从头到尾把小说看了一遍。
Does your interest in nuclear physics extend to nuclear weaponry?
你对核物理的兴趣是不是还包括核武器？
They stayed from Friday night to Sunday morning.
他们从星期五晚上呆到了星期日早上。
I’ll be on duty from 8 am to 10 pm.
我从上午八点到晚上十点值班。
19 used to say what or who an action, attitude, situation etc affects or is related to 对，对于〔指受某一行为、某种态度、情况等影响的对象〕
The factory clearly represents a danger to health.
这家工厂对于健康显然是个危害。
She’s always been kind to animals.
她对待动物总是十分友善。
his attitude to life
他对生活的态度
What have you done to the radio? It’s not working.
你把收音机怎么了？ 它不响了。
20 used to say who someone works for 为…〔工作〕
Jane is secretary to the managing director.
简是总经理的秘书。
21 used to say what something is needed for 用于
I’m still waiting for an answer to my question.
我还在等待我的问题能有个回答。
Have you seen the key to the back door?
你看到后门的钥匙了吗？
22 used when comparing two things, numbers etc 比，相比于
England beat Scotland by two goals to one.
英格兰队以二比一击败了苏格兰队。
Yes, she was punished, but it was nothing to what she deserved.
是的，她是受到了惩罚，但那是罪有应得，相比之下这算不了什么。
23 used to say who has a particular attitude or opinion about something 对于…而言，对…来说
The whole thing sounds very suspicious to me.
整件事在我听来十分可疑。
Tickets cost £10 each and to some people that’s a lot of money.
门票每张 10 英镑，这对有些人来说是一大笔钱。
To my mind, age does not matter; love is what matters.
在我看来，年龄不是问题，爱情才最重要。
24 used to say what someone’s reaction is when something happens 〔表示某事发生时某人的反应〕
Much to everyone’s surprise she passed the exam with distinction.
让每个人都吃惊的是，她竟然以优异的成绩通过了考试。
I discovered to my horror that my passport was missing.
我惊恐地发现我的护照不见了。
25 used when saying how much time there is before a particular event or time 〔离某件事或某时间〕还差…时间
It’s only two weeks to Christmas.
只有两个星期就到圣诞节了。
How long is it to dinner?
到晚饭时间还有多久？
ten to five/twenty to one etc
26 18. a. used when talking about a rate or quantity to say how many smaller units equal a larger unit b. used to show the relationship between two different measurements or quantities 〔用于表示两个不同度量或数量之间的关系〕
We’re only getting 130 yen to the dollar at the moment.
目前一美元仅能兑换 130 日元。
There are just over four and a half litres to a gallon.
一加仑大约有 4.5 升多一点。
The car will do over 40 miles to the gallon.
这车一加仑汽油能行驶 40 多英里。
The scale of your map is one inch to the mile.
你这张地图的比例尺为一英寸比一英里。
27 used to say that a particular sound is heard at the same time as something happens 〔表示某事发生时伴随的声音〕
I woke to the sound of torrential rain.
我在暴雨声中醒来。
The royal couple arrived to a fanfare of trumpets.
王室夫妇在一片号角花彩声中抵达。
I like to exercise to music.
我喜欢伴着音乐进行锻炼。
28 used between two numbers when you do not know exactly what the real number or amount is …至…之间〔用来估计数字〕
There must have been eighteen to twenty thousand people at the concert.
那场音乐会上一定有一万八到两万人。
He drowned in 10 to 12 feet of water.
他淹死在 10 到 12 英尺深的水中。
29
(all) to yourself
21. if you have something or someone to yourself, you do not have to share them with other people 独享
It was the first time I’d had a room to myself.
这是我第一次独自拥有一个房间。
30 used to say what the chances of something happening are 〔表示某事发生的几率〕
I’ll bet you ten to one he’ll forget all about it.
我和你打赌，他十有八九会把这事忘得干干净净。
tuː adv
31 if a door is pushed to, it closes or almost closes [英] 〔门〕在关上的位置
The wind blew the door to.
风把门吹上了。